OSI and TCP/IP model + subnetting

what they are:

both the models are the layered frameworks made to simplify the process of data transmission. each layer of the models serve different purposes and responsibilities. the OSI model is primarily theoretical while the TCP/IP model is more practical and usable for modern day use cases.

in depth discussion:

• OSI model
• TCP-IP model
• Similarities and Differences between the OSI and TCP-IP model
• Common ports and services
• subnetting